Vitiligo is a long-term skin condition characterized by the loss of skin pigmentation, resulting in white or light-colored patches on different parts of the body. While it is not life-threatening or contagious, vitiligo can have a significant emotional and psychological impact on those affected. Understanding the condition is the first step toward managing it effectively.

What Causes Vitiligo?

Vitiligo occurs when melanocytes which are the cells responsible for producing melanin (skin pigment) are destroyed or stop functioning. The exact cause is not fully understood, but research suggests that vitiligo is primarily an autoimmune condition, where the immune system mistakenly attacks melanocytes.

Other contributing factors may include:

Genetic predisposition (family history)

Oxidative stress

Peptic ulcers are a common digestive problem, affecting millions of people worldwide. They can be painful, uncomfortable, and disruptive but with the right information, they are also very treatable.

If you’ve ever experienced a burning stomach pain that gets better or worse after eating, an ulcer may be the reason.

What Is a Peptic Ulcer?

A peptic ulcer is a sore that develops on the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine.

They occur when the protective mucus layer gets damaged, allowing stomach acid to irritate the lining.

There are two main types:

Typhoid fever remains a major public-health challenge, especially in developing regions with limited access to clean water and sanitation. Although modern medicine has dramatically reduced severe complications, typhoid continues to affect millions globally every year.

What Is Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid fever is a potentially serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. It spreads through contaminated food, water, or close contact with an infected person. Once inside the body, the bacteria enter the bloodstream and can affect multiple organs.

How Typhoid Spreads

Typhoid is primarily transmitted through:

1. Contaminated food and water

Liver cirrhosis is one of the most serious liver conditions, affecting millions of people worldwide often developing silently over many years, cirrhosis occurs when healthy liver tissue is gradually replaced with scar tissue. This scarring interferes with the liver’s ability to function leading to complications that can become life-threatening without proper care. Understanding how cirrhosis develops, its warning signs, and available treatments is key to early detection and prevention.

What Is Liver Cirrhosis?

Cirrhosis is the late stage of chronic liver disease. When the liver is repeatedly injured by alcohol, viral infections, fat buildup, or toxins it attempts to repair itself. Over time, this continuous injury and repair process leads to scarring (fibrosis). As scar tissue builds up, blood can’t flow through the liver properly, and the organ can no longer perform essential functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and nutrient storage.

Common Causes of Cirrhosis

Several long-term liver conditions can…