Testicular cancer is a relatively rare but highly treatable form of cancer that primarily affects younger men, typically between the ages of 15 and 35. Despite its rarity, it’s crucial to raise awareness due to its increasing incidence and the importance of early detection.

What Is Testicular Cancer?

Testicular cancer develops in one or both testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system and responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. The most common type is germ cell tumors, which are divided into two main subtypes:

Seminomas – Slower-growing and more responsive to radiation therapy.

Non-seminomas – Tend to grow and spread more quickly.

Other, rarer types include Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors.

Causes and Risk Factors

While the exact cause of testicular cancer remains unknown, several risk factors have been identified:

Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism)

Family history of testicular cancer

Personal history of testicular cancer

Abnormal testicular development (e.g., Klinefelter syndrome)

Age – Most common in young men aged 15 to 35

Race – More common in white men than in men of other races

Signs and Symptoms

Early-stage testicular cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, but the most common signs include:

A lump or swelling in either testicle

A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum

Dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin

Pain or discomfort in a testicle or the scrotum

Sudden fluid collection in the scrotum

In rare cases, breast tenderness or growth (due to hormonal changes)

If you experience any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare provider promptly. Early diagnosis greatly improves the chances of successful treatment.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing testicular cancer typically involves:

Physical examination

Scrotal ultrasound – to evaluate lumps or abnormalities

Blood tests – to check for tumor markers like AFP, hCG, and LDH

Imaging tests – such as CT scans to determine if the cancer has spread

A definitive diagnosis is usually made after surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy), which is then examined under a microscope.

Treatment Options

Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable and curable forms of cancer, especially when detected early. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer but may include:

Surgery – Removal of the affected testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy)

Radiation therapy – Often used for seminomas

Chemotherapy – Especially effective for non-seminomas or advanced cases

Surveillance – Regular monitoring may be appropriate for very early-stage cancers

Most men can return to normal life after treatment, including fertility preservation in many cases.

Fertility and Psychological Impact

Fertility may be affected by surgery or chemotherapy, so sperm banking is often recommended before treatment. Emotional and psychological support is also important, as a cancer diagnosis can significantly impact mental health, body image, and self-esteem.

Self-Examination: A Simple Habit That Could Save Your Life

Regular testicular self-exams can lead to early detection. Here's how to perform one:

Do the exam during or after a warm shower when the scrotal skin is relaxed.

Gently roll each testicle between your fingers, checking for lumps or changes in size or consistency.

Don’t confuse normal structures like the epididymis for abnormalities.

If you notice anything unusual, see a doctor promptly.

Prognosis

The prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent, especially when caught early. The 5-year survival rate is over 95%, and even cases that have spread can often be cured with aggressive treatment.

Testicular cancer may be rare, but it’s highly curable, especially with early detection. Young men should be encouraged to perform regular self-exams and seek medical attention for any abnormalities. With advances in treatment and supportive care, most men diagnosed with testicular cancer go on to live long, healthy lives.

If you have concerns about testicular health or symptoms you're experiencing, don’t wait. Consult a healthcare professional today. Early detection saves lives.