Herpes is one of the most common viral infections worldwide, affecting millions of people each year. Despite its prevalence, the condition often carries unnecessary stigma and confusion.

This blog aims to provide clear, medically reliable information to help patients understand herpes, recognize symptoms, and make informed decisions about care.

What Is Herpes?

Herpes is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), which exists in two main forms:

• HSV-1 (Oral Herpes)

Commonly associated with cold sores or fever blisters on the lips and mouth.

However, HSV-1 can also cause genital infections through oral–genital contact.

• HSV-2 (Genital Herpes)

Primarily causes genital and anal infections and is usually transmitted through sexual contact.

Both types can cause recurrent infections because the virus remains dormant in nerve cells and can reactivate.

How Herpes Is Transmitted

Herpes spreads through direct skin-to-skin contact, including:

Kissing

Oral, vaginal, or anal sex

Sharing personal items (less common)

From mother to baby during childbirth (neonatal herpes is rare but serious)

Herpes can spread even when no symptoms are present due to viral shedding.

Symptoms of Herpes

Symptoms vary greatly some people experience noticeable outbreaks, while others have very mild or no symptoms at all.

Common Symptoms Include:

Painful blisters or sores around the mouth or genitals

Itching or tingling sensations

Pain during urination

Swollen lymph nodes

Flu-like symptoms during the first outbreak

The first outbreak is often the most severe. Recurrent episodes tend to be milder and shorter.

Diagnosis

Herpes can be diagnosed through:

Viral swabs/PCR testing from active sores

Blood tests to detect HSV antibodies

Clinical examination by a healthcare provider

Early testing during the active phase increases accuracy.

Treatment Options

There is no cure for herpes, but antiviral medications help control symptoms and reduce transmission.

Common Treatments:

Acyclovir

Valacyclovir

Famciclovir

These medications can be used:

During outbreaks (episodic therapy)

Every day (suppressive therapy) to reduce flare-ups and lower transmission risk

Pain relievers, warm baths, and topical treatments can also help ease discomfort during outbreaks.

Most people with herpes lead completely normal, healthy lives. Proper management reduces symptoms and helps prevent transmission.

Lifestyle Tips:

Get enough rest and manage stress

Use condoms or dental dams during sexual activity

Avoid sexual contact during outbreaks

Discuss the infection openly with sexual partners

Consider daily antiviral therapy if outbreaks are frequent

Prevention

While not all cases can be prevented, the following steps significantly reduce risk:

Use barrier protection such as condoms

Avoid kissing or oral contact during cold sore outbreaks

Reduce the number of sexual partners

Regular STD/STI screenings

Antiviral therapy for those with frequent outbreaks

Herpes and Pregnancy

Pregnant women with herpes should discuss their condition with their healthcare provider.

Suppressive therapy near delivery can reduce the risk of neonatal transmission. In some cases, a C-section may be recommended if active lesions are present during labor.

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if you experience:

Painful or recurrent sores

Signs of infection around the genitals or mouth